doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56547-zengVirumbrales Muñoz, MaríaSantos Vizcaíno, EdortaPaz, LauraGallardo-Moreno, Amparo MaríaOrive, GorkaHernández, Rosa MaríaDoblaré, ManuelGonzalez-Martin, Maria LuisaFernández, Luis JosePedraz, Jose LuisOchoa, IgnacioForce spectroscopy-based simultaneous topographical and mechanical characterization to study polymer-to-polymer interactions in coated alginate microspheresART-2019-115459Cell-laden hydrogel microspheres have shown encouraging outcomes in the fields of drug delivery, tissue engineering or regenerative medicine. Beyond the classical single coating with polycations, many other different coating designs have been reported with the aim of improving mechanical properties and in vivo performance of the microspheres. Among the most common strategies are the inclusion of additional polycation coatings and the covalent bonding of the semi-permeable membranes with biocompatible crosslinkers such as genipin. However, it remains challenging to characterize the effects of the interactions between the polycations and the hydrogel microspheres over time in vitro. Here we use a force spectroscopy-based simultaneous topographical and mechanical characterization to study polymer-to-polymer interactions in alginate microspheres with different coating designs, maintaining the hydrogels in liquid. In addition to classical topography parameters, we explored, for the first time, the evolution of peak/valley features along the z axis via thresholding analysis and the cross-correlation between topography and stiffness profiles with resolution down to tens of nanometers. Thus, we demonstrated the importance of genipin crosslinking to avoid membrane detachment in alginate microspheres with double polycation coatings. Overall, this methodology could improve hydrogel design rationale and expedite in vitro characterization, therefore facilitating clinical translation of hydrogel-based technologies.2019http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/8756610.1038/s41598-019-56547-zhttp://zaguan.unizar.es/record/87566oai:zaguan.unizar.es:87566info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA/T24-17Rinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/783132/EU/A pilot line for the next generation of smart catheters and implants/POSITION-IIThis project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No H2020 783132-POSITION-IIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/MTM2012-31073info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/BIO2016-79092-Rinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/DPI2015-65401-C3-1-Rinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MINECO/MAT2015-69967-C3-1Scientific reports (Nature Publishing Group) 9 (2019), 20112 [14 pp.]byhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess