000095408 001__ 95408 000095408 005__ 20210902121752.0 000095408 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1371/journal.pone.0235966 000095408 0248_ $$2sideral$$a118850 000095408 037__ $$aART-2020-118850 000095408 041__ $$aeng 000095408 100__ $$aKainz, H. 000095408 245__ $$aA multi-scale modelling framework combining musculoskeletal rigid-body simulations with adaptive finite element analyses, to evaluate the impact of femoral geometry on hip joint contact forces and femoral bone growth 000095408 260__ $$c2020 000095408 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000095408 5203_ $$aMulti-scale simulations, combining muscle and joint contact force (JCF) from musculoskeletal simulations with adaptive mechanobiological finite element analysis, allow to estimate musculoskeletal loading and predict femoral growth in children. Generic linearly scaled musculoskeletal models are commonly used. This approach, however, neglects subject- and age-specific musculoskeletal geometry, e.g. femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA) and anteversion angle (AVA). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of proximal femoral geometry, i.e. altered NSA and AVA, on hip JCF and femoral growth simulations. Musculoskeletal models with NSA ranging from 120° to 150° and AVA ranging from 20° to 50° were created and used to calculate muscle and hip JCF based on the gait analysis data of a typically developing child. A finite element model of a paediatric femur was created from magnetic resonance images. The finite element model was morphed to the geometries of the different musculoskeletal models and used for mechanobiological finite element analysis to predict femoral growth trends. Our findings showed that hip JCF increase with increasing NSA and AVA. Furthermore, the orientation of the hip JCF followed the orientation of the femoral neck axis. Consequently, the osteogenic index, which is a function of cartilage stresses and defines the growth rate, barely changed with altered NSA and AVA. Nevertheless, growth predictions were sensitive to the femoral geometry due to changes in the predicted growth directions. Altered NSA had a bigger impact on the growth results than altered AVA. Growth simulations based on mechanobiological principles were in agreement with reported changes in paediatric populations. 000095408 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby-sa$$uhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/es/ 000095408 590__ $$a3.24$$b2020 000095408 591__ $$aMULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES$$b26 / 73 = 0.356$$c2020$$dQ2$$eT2 000095408 592__ $$a0.99$$b2020 000095408 593__ $$aMultidisciplinary$$c2020$$dQ1 000095408 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000095408 700__ $$aKillen, B.A. 000095408 700__ $$aWesseling, M. 000095408 700__ $$aPerez-Boerema, F. 000095408 700__ $$aPitto, L. 000095408 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-9864-7683$$aGarcia Aznar, J.M.$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000095408 700__ $$aShefelbine, S. 000095408 700__ $$aJonkers, I. 000095408 7102_ $$15004$$2605$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Ingeniería Mecánica$$cÁrea Mec.Med.Cont. y Teor.Est. 000095408 773__ $$g15, 7 (2020), e0235966 [18 pp]$$pPLoS One$$tPloS one$$x1932-6203 000095408 8564_ $$s2858523$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/95408/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000095408 8564_ $$s486779$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/95408/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000095408 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:95408$$particulos$$pdriver 000095408 951__ $$a2021-09-02-09:49:30 000095408 980__ $$aARTICLE