Resumen: Relying on longitudinal micro data from rural Spain between 1750 and 1950, this article evidences that families mortally neglected a significant fraction of their female babies. Firstly, baptism records exhibited exceptionally high sex ratios at birth until the late nineteenth century. Secondly, having no previous male siblings increased the probability of male baptisms. Likewise, this same feature, together with the number of siblings alive, also increased female mortality during the first day of life. These findings are concentrated at higher parities and among landless and semi-landless families. Lastly, under-registration cannot explain these patterns affecting female mortality shortly after birth. Idioma: Inglés DOI: 10.1093/ereh/heab023 Año: 2022 Publicado en: European Review of Economic History 26, 2 (2022), 234-254 ISSN: 1361-4916 Factor impacto JCR: 1.4 (2022) Categ. JCR: HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES rank: 5 / 34 = 0.147 (2022) - Q1 - T1 Categ. JCR: ECONOMICS rank: 263 / 380 = 0.692 (2022) - Q3 - T3 Factor impacto CITESCORE: 2.4 - Arts and Humanities (Q1) - Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Q2)