000125734 001__ 125734 000125734 005__ 20240319080948.0 000125734 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1111/gcb.16060 000125734 0248_ $$2sideral$$a125591 000125734 037__ $$aART-2022-125591 000125734 041__ $$aeng 000125734 100__ $$aLembrechts JJ 000125734 245__ $$aGlobal maps of soil temperature 000125734 260__ $$c2022 000125734 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted 000125734 5203_ $$aResearch in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications. 000125734 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby-nc$$uhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/es/ 000125734 590__ $$a11.6$$b2022 000125734 592__ $$a4.069$$b2022 000125734 591__ $$aECOLOGY$$b4 / 171 = 0.023$$c2022$$dQ1$$eT1 000125734 591__ $$aBIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION$$b1 / 65 = 0.015$$c2022$$dQ1$$eT1 000125734 591__ $$aENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES$$b18 / 275 = 0.065$$c2022$$dQ1$$eT1 000125734 593__ $$aEcology$$c2022$$dQ1 000125734 593__ $$aGlobal and Planetary Change$$c2022$$dQ1 000125734 593__ $$aEnvironmental Science (miscellaneous)$$c2022$$dQ1 000125734 593__ $$aEnvironmental Chemistry$$c2022$$dQ1 000125734 594__ $$a19.5$$b2022 000125734 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 000125734 700__ $$avan den Hoogen J 000125734 700__ $$aAalto J 000125734 700__ $$aAshcroft MB 000125734 700__ $$aDe Frenne P 000125734 700__ $$aKemppinen J 000125734 700__ $$aKopecký M 000125734 700__ $$aLuoto M 000125734 700__ $$aMaclean IMD 000125734 700__ $$aCrowther TW 000125734 700__ $$aBailey JJ 000125734 700__ $$aHaesen S 000125734 700__ $$aKlinges DH 000125734 700__ $$aNiittynen P 000125734 700__ $$aScheffers BR 000125734 700__ $$aVan Meerbeek K 000125734 700__ $$aAartsma P 000125734 700__ $$aAbdalaze O 000125734 700__ $$aAbedi M 000125734 700__ $$aAerts R 000125734 700__ $$aAhmadian N 000125734 700__ $$aAhrends A 000125734 700__ $$aAlatalo JM 000125734 700__ $$aAlexander JM 000125734 700__ $$aNina Allonsius C 000125734 700__ $$aAltman J 000125734 700__ $$aAmmann C 000125734 700__ $$aAndres C 000125734 700__ $$aAndrews C 000125734 700__ $$aArdö J 000125734 700__ $$aArriga N 000125734 700__ $$aArzac A 000125734 700__ $$aAschero V 000125734 700__ $$aAssis RL 000125734 700__ $$aJohann Assmann J 000125734 700__ $$aBader MY 000125734 700__ $$aBahalkeh K 000125734 700__ $$aBarancok P 000125734 700__ $$aBarrio IC 000125734 700__ $$aBarros A 000125734 700__ $$aBarthel M 000125734 700__ $$aBasham EW 000125734 700__ $$aBauters M 000125734 700__ $$aBazzichetto M 000125734 700__ $$aBelelli Marchesini L 000125734 700__ $$aBell MC 000125734 700__ $$aBenavides JC 000125734 700__ $$aLuis Benito Alonso J 000125734 700__ $$aBerauer BJ 000125734 700__ $$aBjerke JW 000125734 700__ $$aBjörk RG 000125734 700__ $$aBjörkman MP 000125734 700__ $$aBjörnsdóttir K 000125734 700__ $$aBlonder B 000125734 700__ $$aBoeckx P 000125734 700__ $$aBoike J 000125734 700__ $$aBokhorst S 000125734 700__ $$aBrum BNS 000125734 700__ $$aBruna J 000125734 700__ $$aBuchmann N 000125734 700__ $$aBuysse P 000125734 700__ $$aLuís Camargo J 000125734 700__ $$aCampoe OC 000125734 700__ $$aCandan O 000125734 700__ $$aCanessa R 000125734 700__ $$aCannone N 000125734 700__ $$aCarbognani M 000125734 700__ $$aCarnicer J 000125734 700__ $$aCasanova-Katny A 000125734 700__ $$aCesarz S 000125734 700__ $$aChojnicki B 000125734 700__ $$aCholer P 000125734 700__ $$aChown SL 000125734 700__ $$aCifuentes EF 000125734 700__ $$aCiliak M 000125734 700__ $$aContador T 000125734 700__ $$aConvey P 000125734 700__ $$aCooper EJ 000125734 700__ $$aCremonese E 000125734 700__ $$aCurasi SR 000125734 700__ $$aCurtis R 000125734 700__ $$aCutini M 000125734 700__ $$aJohan Dahlberg C 000125734 700__ $$aDaskalova GN 000125734 700__ $$aAngel de Pablo M 000125734 700__ $$aDella Chiesa S 000125734 700__ $$aDengler J 000125734 700__ $$aDeronde B 000125734 700__ $$aDescombes P 000125734 700__ $$aDi Cecco V 000125734 700__ $$aDi Musciano M 000125734 700__ $$aDick J 000125734 700__ $$aDimarco RD 000125734 700__ $$aDolezal J 000125734 700__ $$aDorrepaal E 000125734 700__ $$aDušek J 000125734 700__ $$aEisenhauer N 000125734 700__ $$aEklundh L 000125734 700__ $$aErickson TE 000125734 700__ $$aErschbamer B 000125734 700__ $$aEugster W 000125734 700__ $$aEwers RM 000125734 700__ $$aExton DA 000125734 700__ $$aFanin N 000125734 700__ $$aFazlioglu F 000125734 700__ $$aFeigenwinter I 000125734 700__ $$aFenu G 000125734 700__ $$aFerlian O 000125734 700__ $$aRosa Fernández Calzado M 000125734 700__ $$aFernández-Pascual E 000125734 700__ $$aFinckh M 000125734 700__ $$aFinger Higgens R 000125734 700__ $$aForte TGW 000125734 700__ $$aFreeman EC 000125734 700__ $$aFrei ER 000125734 700__ $$aFuentes-Lillo E 000125734 700__ $$aGarcía RA 000125734 700__ $$aGarcía MB 000125734 700__ $$aGéron C 000125734 700__ $$aGharun M 000125734 700__ $$aGhosn D 000125734 700__ $$aGigauri K 000125734 700__ $$aGobin A 000125734 700__ $$aGoded I 000125734 700__ $$aGoeckede M 000125734 700__ $$aGottschall F 000125734 700__ $$aGoulding K 000125734 700__ $$aGovaert S 000125734 700__ $$aJessen Graae B 000125734 700__ $$aGreenwood S 000125734 700__ $$aGreiser C 000125734 700__ $$aGrelle A 000125734 700__ $$aGuénard B 000125734 700__ $$aGuglielmin M 000125734 700__ $$aGuillemot J 000125734 700__ $$aHaase P 000125734 700__ $$aHaider S 000125734 700__ $$aHalbritter AH 000125734 700__ $$aHamid M 000125734 700__ $$aHammerle A 000125734 700__ $$aHampe A 000125734 700__ $$aHaugum SV 000125734 700__ $$aHederová L 000125734 700__ $$aHeinesch B 000125734 700__ $$aHelfter C 000125734 700__ $$aHepenstrick D 000125734 700__ $$aHerberich M 000125734 700__ $$aHerbst M 000125734 700__ $$aHermanutz L 000125734 700__ $$aHik DS 000125734 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-9123-304X$$aHoffrén R$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza 000125734 700__ $$aHomeier J 000125734 700__ $$aHörtnagl L 000125734 700__ $$aHøye TT 000125734 700__ $$aHrbacek F 000125734 700__ $$aHylander K 000125734 700__ $$aIwata H 000125734 700__ $$aAntoni Jackowicz-Korczynski M 000125734 700__ $$aJactel H 000125734 700__ $$aJärveoja J 000125734 700__ $$aJastrzebowski S 000125734 700__ $$aJentsch A 000125734 700__ $$aJiménez JJ 000125734 700__ $$aJónsdóttir IS 000125734 700__ $$aJucker T 000125734 700__ $$aJump AS 000125734 700__ $$aJuszczak R 000125734 700__ $$aKanka R 000125734 700__ $$aKašpar V 000125734 700__ $$aKazakis G 000125734 700__ $$aKelly J 000125734 700__ $$aKhuroo AA 000125734 700__ $$aKlemedtsson L 000125734 700__ $$aKlisz M 000125734 700__ $$aKljun N 000125734 700__ $$aKnohl A 000125734 700__ $$aKobler J 000125734 700__ $$aKollár J 000125734 700__ $$aKotowska MM 000125734 700__ $$aKovács B 000125734 700__ $$aKreyling J 000125734 700__ $$aLamprecht A 000125734 700__ $$aLang SI 000125734 700__ $$aLarson C 000125734 700__ $$aLarson K 000125734 700__ $$aLaska K 000125734 700__ $$ale Maire G 000125734 700__ $$aLeihy RI 000125734 700__ $$aLens L 000125734 700__ $$aLiljebladh B 000125734 700__ $$aLohila A 000125734 700__ $$aLorite J 000125734 700__ $$aLoubet B 000125734 700__ $$aLynn J 000125734 700__ $$aMacek M 000125734 700__ $$aMackenzie R 000125734 700__ $$aMagliulo E 000125734 700__ $$aMaier R 000125734 700__ $$aMalfasi F 000125734 700__ $$aMáliš F 000125734 700__ $$aMan M 000125734 700__ $$aManca G 000125734 700__ $$aManco A 000125734 700__ $$aManise T 000125734 700__ $$aManolaki P 000125734 700__ $$aMarciniak F 000125734 700__ $$aMatula R 000125734 700__ $$aClara Mazzolari A 000125734 700__ $$aMedinets S 000125734 700__ $$aMedinets V 000125734 700__ $$aMeeussen C 000125734 700__ $$aMerinero S 000125734 700__ $$ade Cássia Guimarães Mesquita R 000125734 700__ $$aMeusburger K 000125734 700__ $$aMeysman FJR 000125734 700__ $$aMichaletz ST 000125734 700__ $$aMilbau A 000125734 700__ $$aMoiseev D 000125734 700__ $$aMoiseev P 000125734 700__ $$aMondoni A 000125734 700__ $$aMonfries R 000125734 700__ $$aMontagnani L 000125734 700__ $$aMoriana-Armendariz M 000125734 700__ $$aMorra di Cella U 000125734 700__ $$aMörsdorf M 000125734 700__ $$aMosedale JR 000125734 700__ $$aMuffler L 000125734 700__ $$aMuñoz-Rojas M 000125734 700__ $$aMyers JA 000125734 700__ $$aMyers-Smith IH 000125734 700__ $$aNagy L 000125734 700__ $$aNardino M 000125734 700__ $$aNaujokaitis-Lewis I 000125734 700__ $$aNewling E 000125734 700__ $$aNicklas L 000125734 700__ $$aNiedrist G 000125734 700__ $$aNiessner A 000125734 700__ $$aNilsson MB 000125734 700__ $$aNormand S 000125734 700__ $$aNosetto MD 000125734 700__ $$aNouvellon Y 000125734 700__ $$aNuñez MA 000125734 700__ $$aOgaya R 000125734 700__ $$aOgée J 000125734 700__ $$aOkello J 000125734 700__ $$aOlejnik J 000125734 700__ $$aEivind Olesen J 000125734 700__ $$aOpedal Ø 000125734 700__ $$aOrsenigo S 000125734 700__ $$aPalaj A 000125734 700__ $$aPampuch 000125734 7102_ $$13006$$2010$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Geograf. Ordenac.Territ.$$cÁrea Análisis Geográfico Regi. 000125734 773__ $$g28, 9 (2022), 3110–3144$$pGlob. chang. biol.$$tGlobal Change Biology$$x1354-1013 000125734 8564_ $$s7093408$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/125734/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada 000125734 8564_ $$s2290782$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/125734/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada 000125734 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:125734$$particulos$$pdriver 000125734 951__ $$a2024-03-18-12:45:16 000125734 980__ $$aARTICLE