Resumen: The continuous new XLindley distribution was introduced by Nawel et al. (IEEE Access 11:67220–67229, 2023) as a special case of the polynomial exponential distribution proposed by Beghriche et al. (Statist Transit New Ser 23:95–112, 2022). The current paper introduces the one-parameter discrete analogue distribution of the new XLindley model and studies its main statistical properties. In particular, closed-form expressions are provided for the moment-generating function, mean, variance, quantile function, hazard rate function and mean residual life. Moreover, the new distribution has discrete increasing failure rate and both overdispersed and underdispersed count data can be handled. The estimation of the unknown parameter can be performed by the maximum likelihood method, and a Monte Carlo simulation study reveals that this method provides satisfactory estimates. Additionally, a first-order integer-valued autoregressive process is constructed from the discrete distribution and, via a simulation study, the conditional maximum likelihood method is recommended for estimation purposes. In order to assess the usefulness in practical applications, the proposed distribution and the associated first-order autoregressive process are compared to other competing distributions and processes, using this end several real data sets. In the context of statistical quality control, finally a cumulative sum control chart is developed for monitoring the process mean. To illustrate its usefulness, both simulation and real data analysis are performed. Idioma: Inglés DOI: 10.1007/s41060-024-00563-4 Año: 2024 Publicado en: International Journal of Data Science and Analytics (2024), [27 pp.] ISSN: 2364-415X Tipo y forma: Artículo (PostPrint) Área (Departamento): Área Estadís. Investig. Opera. (Dpto. Métodos Estadísticos)