Resumen: Safe, reliable, and equitable water access is critical for healthy livelihoods. Climate change-related water stress is challenging, and using the Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystems (WEFE) nexus is an appealing approach for sustainable management. The contribution of this paper is formulating a comprehensive framework integrating water sectors and ecosystems. The paper fills previous gaps in the literature by taking Spain’s Ebro Basin as a case study for evidence to guide science-based policies. Results deliver a framework for measuring the distribution of benefits and costs among sectors and stakeholders. Findings reveal choices that increase stream flows, enhance water security and biodiversity, and reduce climate risks. Idioma: Inglés DOI: 10.1080/07900627.2024.2390937 Año: 2024 Publicado en: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT 40, 6 (2024), 915-939 ISSN: 0790-0627 Factor impacto JCR: 2.2 (2024) Categ. JCR: WATER RESOURCES rank: 65 / 131 = 0.496 (2024) - Q2 - T2 Factor impacto SCIMAGO: 0.659 - Water Science and Technology (Q2) - Development (Q2)