000145461 001__ 145461
000145461 005__ 20260112133345.0
000145461 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.3389/fphys.2024.1474479
000145461 0248_ $$2sideral$$a140329
000145461 037__ $$aART-2024-140329
000145461 041__ $$aeng
000145461 100__ $$aMujika, Iñigo
000145461 245__ $$aHematological and performance adaptations to altitude training (2,320 m) in elite middle-distance and distance swimmers
000145461 260__ $$c2024
000145461 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted
000145461 5203_ $$aPurposeElite swimmers often schedule altitude training camps ahead of major events in an attempt to maximize performance. However, the relationships between altitude-induced hematological changes, markers of training adaptation, and performance changes in such context are unclear. This study assessed hematological status, markers of daily adaptation, and swimming performance in elite middle-distance and distance swimmers during a 22-day altitude training camp at 2,320 m, 2 weeks prior to World Championship qualification competition.MethodsVenous blood was obtained and total hemoglobin mass (tHbmass) measured (CO rebreathing) in 7 elite swimmers (4 females, 3 males) 8 days before and on day 22 of the altitude camp. Resting heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, urinary specific gravity, body mass, fatigue and self-reported sleep duration and quality were monitored daily during the altitude camp. Swimming performance was assessed through a standardized set (6 sets of 4 maximal repetitions of 100 m front crawl) on days 3, 10 and 17 of the camp, and at sea level competitions (200 m–1,500 m) immediately after the camp, and 2 weeks later.ResultstHbmass (+5.6 ± 3.3%; range: 2.1%–11.0%; p < 0.05), red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit increased at the end of the training camp (p < 0.05). Performance at altitude improved throughout the camp (+1.4 ± 0.4%; range: 0.7%–2.5%; p < 0.05). No significant relationship was noted between hematological changes, the change in altitude performance and any of the monitored daily markers of adaptation during the camp. Compared to the swimmers’ previous personal best, competition performances did not improve immediately (2.5% ± 1.9% slower times) and 2 weeks after altitude (1.2% ± 1.4% slower times).ConclusionThe 22-day altitude training camp at 2,320 m was beneficial for elite swimmers’ tHbmass, hematological status and performance at altitude, but these benefits did not clearly translate into enhanced sea level performance immediately after or 2 weeks later. The present study confirms the large inter-individual variability in hematological responses to altitude training, and that the improvement in performance at altitude and sea level may depend on factors other than the increase in tHbmass alone.
000145461 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es
000145461 590__ $$a3.4$$b2024
000145461 592__ $$a1.023$$b2024
000145461 591__ $$aPHYSIOLOGY$$b20 / 87 = 0.23$$c2024$$dQ1$$eT1
000145461 593__ $$aPhysiology (medical)$$c2024$$dQ2
000145461 593__ $$aPhysiology$$c2024$$dQ2
000145461 594__ $$a7.3$$b2024
000145461 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
000145461 700__ $$aBourdillon, Nicolas
000145461 700__ $$aZelenkova, Irina
000145461 700__ $$aVergnoux, Frédéric
000145461 700__ $$aMillet, Grégoire P.
000145461 773__ $$g15 (2024), 8 pp.$$pFront. physiol.$$tFrontiers in physiology$$x1664-042X
000145461 8564_ $$s1079064$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/145461/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada
000145461 8564_ $$s2094285$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/145461/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada
000145461 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:145461$$particulos$$pdriver
000145461 951__ $$a2026-01-12-13:16:23
000145461 980__ $$aARTICLE