Resumen: This paper deals with the permanent existence of deliberate fertility control arising from short-term economic stress among rural farm workers. The micro-level analysis uses the family reconstitution method for ten rural Spanish localities. The husband's socio-economic level is regarded as an indicator of the family's socio-economic status. According to the available data, human agency between 1801 and 1909 resulted in a negative fertility response among all farm groups, with this negative response being especially strong among the landless and semi-landless. The existence of a rapid fertility control response suggests that such control was a voluntary decision. Since the end of the 19thcentury, the number of economic shocks due to high prices has reduced. Idioma: Inglés DOI: 10.1017/S0212610919000144 Año: 2019 Publicado en: REVISTA DE HISTORIA ECONOMICA 39, 1 (2019), 129-155 ISSN: 0212-6109 Factor impacto JCR: 0.581 (2019) Categ. JCR: HISTORY rank: 37 / 99 = 0.374 (2019) - Q2 - T2 Categ. JCR: HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES rank: 17 / 34 = 0.5 (2019) - Q2 - T2 Categ. JCR: ECONOMICS rank: 327 / 371 = 0.881 (2019) - Q4 - T3 Factor impacto SCIMAGO: 0.383 - History (Q1) - Economics and Econometrics (Q3)