000165804 001__ 165804
000165804 005__ 20260114135812.0
000165804 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.3390/min15121328
000165804 0248_ $$2sideral$$a147415
000165804 037__ $$aART-2025-147415
000165804 041__ $$aeng
000165804 100__ $$aMartín-Ramos, Pablo
000165804 245__ $$aRevisiting Albarracín Rock Art Through Multivariate pXRF Analysis of White, Black, and Red Pigments
000165804 260__ $$c2025
000165804 5060_ $$aAccess copy available to the general public$$fUnrestricted
000165804 5203_ $$aRock art in the Albarracín Cultural Park represents one of Spain’s most significant concentrations of post-Paleolithic paintings, yet comprehensive chemical characterization across multiple shelters remained lacking. This study analyzes 102 pigment samples (54 white, 31 black, 17 red) from 12 shelters using portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Centered log-ratio transformation addressed compositional data constraints, enabling multivariate analyses (PCA, LDA, MANOVA) that properly account for the constant-sum constraint inherent in geochemical data. Linear discriminant analysis achieved 92.6%–100% classification accuracy for site attribution, with barium emerging as the universal discriminating element across all pigment types (Cohen’s d = 4.91–9.19). Iron concentrations confirmed hematite/goethite use in red pigments, with inter-shelter variations suggesting different ochre sources. Black pigments revealed dual technologies: manganese oxides (pyrolusite) and carbon-based materials, with phosphorus enrichment in some samples consistent with possible bone-derived materials, though alternative phosphorus sources cannot be definitively excluded. This technological duality occurred within individual shelters, documenting greater complexity than previously recognized. White pigments combined substrate-derived materials with gypsum and aluminosilicate clay minerals (likely of the kaolinite group), occasionally incorporating phosphate-rich phases. The documented coexistence of compositionally distinct pigments within single shelters (whether from different raw material sources or varied preparation techniques) confirms the technical heterogeneity of Albarracín rock art and challenges assumptions about technological homogeneity in Levantine art production. This interplay between natural geological constraints and cultural technological choices underscores the need for complementary surface-sensitive techniques to fully resolve the technological repertoire of Levantine artists.
000165804 536__ $$9info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/DGA/H04-24
000165804 540__ $$9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess$$aby$$uhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es
000165804 655_4 $$ainfo:eu-repo/semantics/article$$vinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
000165804 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0001-9067-2940$$aCuchí-Oterino, José Antonio$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza
000165804 700__ $$0(orcid)0000-0002-2841-3347$$aBea-Martínez, Manuel$$uUniversidad de Zaragoza
000165804 7102_ $$13000$$2695$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. Ciencias de la Antigüed.$$cÁrea Prehistoria
000165804 7102_ $$15011$$2500$$aUniversidad de Zaragoza$$bDpto. CC.Agrar.y Medio Natural$$cArea Ingeniería Agroforestal
000165804 773__ $$g15, 12 (2025), 1328$$pMinerals (Basel)$$tMinerals$$x2075-163X
000165804 8564_ $$s1730285$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/165804/files/texto_completo.pdf$$yVersión publicada
000165804 8564_ $$s2549988$$uhttps://zaguan.unizar.es/record/165804/files/texto_completo.jpg?subformat=icon$$xicon$$yVersión publicada
000165804 909CO $$ooai:zaguan.unizar.es:165804$$particulos$$pdriver
000165804 951__ $$a2026-01-14-12:46:07
000165804 980__ $$aARTICLE