Nota: This chapter has been written within the framework of a Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC2018-024089-I, AEI-FSE) and the projects The Birth of the Epigraphic Culture in Roman Lusitania (2022.03547.CEECIND/ DOI: 10.54499/2022.03547.CEECIND/CP1762/CT0002, FCT) and Escritura cotidiana: Alfabetización, contacto cultural y transformación social en Hispania Citerior entre la conquista romana y el final de la Antigüedad (PID2019-104025GB-100, AEI). We would like to thank the editors for their invaluable suggestions in the course of writing this chapter. For Latin epigraphy we shall make reference to ELRH and the most accessible corpora, for numismatics that of DCPH, and for Palaeohispanic inscriptions, Hesperia. In all these the reader will find a critical apparatus and additional bibliography.