Resumen: This paper analyzes how differences in productivity across banks and the evolution of industry productivity over time might determine the intermediation costs and the restructuring process of the banking industry in the Great Recession. With data of Spanish banks, we find that less productive banks are more likely to exit than more productive banks, and that surviving banks acquire target banks in order to expand their branch network in local markets where they are underrepresented. Competition among banks contributes to the translation of industry productivity growth into lower interest rates of loans. Nonetheless, we find that the industry profit margin in loans increases during the period because of the modest industry productivity growth and the lower intensity of competition from branch closing. Idioma: Inglés DOI: 10.1007/s13209-020-00214-4 Año: 2020 Publicado en: SERIES-JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION 11 (2020), 313–340 ISSN: 1869-4187 Factor impacto JCR: 1.088 (2020) Categ. JCR: ECONOMICS rank: 291 / 376 = 0.774 (2020) - Q4 - T3 Factor impacto SCIMAGO: 0.573 - Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous) (Q1)