Comprehensive and enhanced characterisation of wind-driven rain exposure on building façades throughout the Netherlands

Pérez-Bella, José M. (Universidad de Zaragoza) ; Domínguez-Hernández, Javier (Universidad de Zaragoza) ; Orna-Carmona, Martín ; López-Julián, Pedro L. (Universidad de Zaragoza) ; Ibarz-Montaner, Elena (Universidad de Zaragoza)

Resumen: Rainwater penetration into building façades leads to multiple challenges such as material degradation, reduced energy efficiency, and adverse health effects on occupants. Wind-driven rain (WDR) caused by wind-deflecting raindrops is the primary source of this infiltration. Herein, the directional WDR exposure on façades throughout the Netherlands was characterised through the analysis of hourly climatic data from 28 weather stations spanning 2010 to 2019 using the ISO 15927–3 standard. Consequently, updated isopleth maps of annual and transient WDR exposures, along with the orientation of their directional maxima, were produced. In addition, the transient exposures associated with ISO spells (i.e., wetting periods separated by generic drying intervals of at least 96 h) were compared with those linked to enhanced spells, separated by representative drying intervals that account for potential evaporation losses depending on façade orientation and the local climate. This enhanced characterisation provides more reliable exposure assessments and a detailed understanding of their geographical variability, thereby facilitating renewed application of the ISO standard across the country. Generally, the highest WDR exposures were identified on the southwest-facing façades in the coastal regions of the southwest and north, decreasing inland and toward the southeast of the Netherlands.

Idioma: Inglés

DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112631

Año: 2025

Publicado en: Building and Environment 271 (2025), 112631 [13 pp.]
ISSN: 0360-1323

Financiación: info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ES/MICINN/PID2021-122203OB-I00

Tipo y forma: Artículo (Versión definitiva)

Área (Departamento): Area Ingeniería Construcción (Dpto. Ingeniería Mecánica)
Área (Departamento): Área Geodinámica Externa (Dpto. Ciencias de la Tierra)
Área (Departamento): Área Mec.Med.Cont. y Teor.Est. (Dpto. Ingeniería Mecánica)